From genome to clinic: The power of translational bioinformatics in improving human health.

Translational bioinformatics (TBI) has transformed healthcare by providing personalized medicine and tailored treatment options by integrating genomic data and clinical information. In recent years, TBI has bridged the gap between genome and clinical data because of significant advances in informatics like quantum computing and utilizing state-of-the-art technologies. This chapter discusses the power of translational bioinformatics in improving human health, from uncovering disease-causing genes and variations to establishing new therapeutic techniques. We discuss key application areas of bioinformatics in clinical genomics, such as data sources and methods used in translational bioinformatics, the impact of translational bioinformatics on human health, and how machine learning and artificial intelligence are being used to mine vast amounts of data for drug development and precision medicine. We also look at the problems, constraints, and ethical concerns connected with exploiting genomic data and the future of translational bioinformatics and its potential impact on medicine and human health. Ultimately, this chapter emphasizes the great potential of translational bioinformatics to alter healthcare and enhance patient outcomes.

Technological advancements in viral vector designing and optimization for therapeutic applications.

Viral vector engineering is critical to the advancement of several sectors of biotechnology, gene therapy, and vaccine development. These vectors were produced from viruses, were employed to deliver therapeutic genes or to alter biological processes. The potential for viral vectors to improve the precision, safety, and efficiency of therapeutic interventions has boosted their demand. The dynamic interplay between technological advancements and computational tools in establishing the landscape of viral vector engineering and vector optimization for therapeutic reasons is discussed in this chapter. It also emphasizes the importance of in silico techniques in maximizing vector potential for therapeutics and many phases of viral vector engineering, from genomic analysis to computer modelling and advancements to improve precise gene delivery. High-throughput screening propels the expedited process of vector selection, and computational techniques to analyze complex omics data to further enhance vector capabilities have been discussed. As in silico models reveal insights into off-target effects and integration sites, vector safety (biodistribution and toxicity) remains a crucial part and bridges the gap between preclinical and clinical investigations. Despite the limitations, this chapter depicts a future in which technology and computing merge to catapult viral vector therapy into an era of boundless possibilities.

Iodine functionalized 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran (DHFI) crosslinked whey protein-derived carbon nanodots (WCND) for antibacterial application.

Whey protein-derived carbon nanodots (WCND) were synthesized using the microwave irradiation method, and its amine-rich surface functionality was crosslinked with covalently bound Iodine functionalized 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran (DHFI) to produce WCND-DHFI. The physicochemical characterization of both WCND and WCND-DHFI was performed and compared to comprehend the consequence of iodination on the characteristics of WCND. The suitability of CND in biological environments was evaluated through in vitro cytocompatibility and Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay, as well as a hemocompatibility study. WCND-DHFI has shown enhanced cell viability against WCND. Further, the antibacterial properties of both CNDs were studied against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, representing an enhancement in antibacterial activity after DHFI crosslinking. WCND-DHFI has depicted a stable and prominent bacteriostatic activity for up to 6 h for both strains of bacteria. WCND-DHFI has denoted a 99.996% and 99.999% loss of bacterial viability for gram-positive and negative strains, respectively. Novel surface functionalization portrays an improvement in antibacterial activity. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy represent the cell wall rupturing by the WCND-DHFI, resulting in bacterial death. The ROS-mediated bacteriostatic mechanism of WCND-DHFI has been explored through assessing lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation assay. Moreover, the oxidative damage of DNA also has been explored. WCND-DHFI is performing as a promising cytocompatible and hemocompatible material for antibacterial applications.

Corrosion and wear behavior of Ti-5Cu-xNb biomedical alloy in simulated body fluid for dental implant applications.

The present study examined the corrosion and tribological behavior of novel Ti-5Cu-xNb alloy synthesized via powder metallurgy as a new biomedical material in a simulated bodily fluid (SBF) solution. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study reveals the formation of two protective layers on the surface of alloys during the test. The alloys spontaneously produce a passivating oxide coating on their surfaces, and the breakdown potential (1.14-1.17 V) and re-passivation current density (2.07-3.04 µAcm-2) were observed during the potentiodynamic polarization test. The highest corrosion resistance was observed for the alloy Ti-5Cu-10Nb (icorr = 21.44 nA-cm-2). The SEM and XPS analysis of the corroded surface showed the formation of oxide on the surfaces of the alloys. The samples were tested at 10 N, 15 N, and 20 N loads against the zirconia counterpart to investigate the effect of loading on friction and wear. The lowest coefficient of friction was obtained for Ti-5Cu-5Nb (0.25-0.41) at 20 N loading, while the maximum for Ti-5Cu-10Nb at 15 N load falls in the range of (0.71-0.25). Additionally, they present the wear rate in the range of (5.3 × 10-8-1.45 × 10-6 mm3/mm), in accordance with the change in microstructure and mechanical properties. However, the wear rate increases with the addition of niobium and reaches the maximum for Ti-5Cu-15Nb at 20 N loading condition, but it is relatively deficient compared to commonly used implant material. Therefore, it is suggested that this ß-type Ti-5Cu-xNb alloy is a promising candidate, more suitable than the commercially used Ti and Ti-6Al-4V for dental applications.

Hydrothermal synthesis of PVP-passivated clove bud-derived carbon dots for antioxidant, catalysis, and cellular imaging applications.

In recent times, carbon dots (CDs) are emerging for numerous interdisciplinary applications by modulating their inherent chemical functionality during or post-synthesis modification. The current study reports the hydrothermal synthesis of polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 (PVP) passivated clove bud-derived carbon dots (PPCCDs) for multifaceted applications. The adopted technique is facile and environmentally friendly for the production of CDs with in situ PVP passivation. Physicochemical characterization of CDs is performed using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The study reveals the formation of nitrogen-doped spherical PPCCDs with an average hydrodynamic size of ∼ 4.9 nm. It is also evident that there is modulation in optical properties and quantum efficiency as a result of PVP passivation. The study further demonstrates their suitability in biological environments as observed by pH stability, photostability, and cytocompatibility results. PPCCDs have shown significant antioxidant activity against DPPH (EC50: 57 µg/mL), suppression of superoxide anion radical (EC50: 53 µg/mL), and an efficient catalytic activity towards degradation of Rhodamine-B (Rh-B) dye. UV-Visible spectroscopy unveil the reaction mechanism during antioxidant and catalytic activities of CDs that are validated by Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with an indication of effective electron or proton donating abilities. Its bioimaging potential is evidenced through cellular fluorescence imaging with 3T3 and L929 cell lines.

Microstructure, mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and antibacterial behavior of Ti-5Cu-x%Nb biomedical alloy.

Titanium-based biomedical alloys are susceptible as they are used as a substitute for human bone. In this study, titanium alloy, Ti-5Cu-x%Nb (x= 0, 5, 10, 15) (%wt) was developed by powder metallurgy route. The effect of alloying niobium with Ti-5Cu alloy and its effect on the microstructure, mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and antibacterial properties have been evaluated. The results show that the sintered alloy has bothα-Ti and Ti2Cu phases. With increasing niobium content in the alloy,ß-Ti was also detected. Additionally, it was found that the micro-hardness and compressive strength of the studied alloy was better than commercially pure titanium (cpTi), while the Young's modulus was lower than cpTi. These properties are highly favorable for using this alloy to replicate the human cortical bone. The alloy was also tested for anticorrosive property in Ringer's solution. The antibacterial activity was also examined forStaphylococcus aureusandEscherichia colibacteria. The alloy showed promising anticorrosive and antibacterial ability.